Very first gene therapy – 'a true living drug' – on the cusp of FDA approval
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PHILADELPHIA — When doctors eyed the report on Bill Ludwig’s bone-marrow biopsy, they thought it was a mistake and ordered the test repeated. But the results came back the same: His lethal leukemia had been wiped out by an experimental treatment never used in humans.
“We were hoping for a little improvement,” remembers the 72-year-old retired Fresh Jersey corrections officer, who had battled the disease for a decade. He and his oncologist both broke down when she delivered the good news in 2010. “Nobody was hoping for zero cancer.”
The pioneering therapy with Ludwig and a few other adults at the University of Pennsylvania hospital paved the way for clinical trials with children. Six-year-old Emily Whitehead, who was near death, became the very first pediatric recipient in 2012. Like Ludwig, she remains cancer-free.
Such results are why the treatment is on track to become the very first gene therapy approved by the Food and Drug Administration. An FDA advisory committee will determine Wednesday whether to recommend approval of the treatment, which uses patients’ own genetically altered immune cells to fight blood cancers.
If the panel gives the nod, the agency most likely will go after suit by the end of September. That would open the latest chapter in immunotherapy — “a true living drug,” says Penn scientist Carl June, who led its development.
The CAR T-cell treatment, manufactured by the drug company Novartis, primarily would be available only for the puny number of children and youthfull adults whose leukemia doesn’t react to standard care. Those patients typically have a grim prognosis, but in the pivotal trial testing the therapy in almost a dozen countries, eighty three percent of patients went into remission. A year later, two-thirds remained so.
And childhood leukemia is just the begin for a field that has attracted intense interest in academia and industry. Kite Pharma of Santa Monica, Calif., has applied for FDA approval for aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and a similar Novartis application is close behind. Researchers also are exploring CAR T-cell therapy’s use for numerous myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the disease that afflicted Ludwig. They’re also tackling a far more difficult challenge — using the therapy for solid tumors in the lungs or brain, for example.
The excitement among doctors and researchers is palpable. “We’re saving patients who three or four years ago we were at our wit’s end attempting to keep alive,” said Stephen Schuster, the Penn oncologist who is leading a Novartis lymphoma probe. Both the examine and a Kite trial have shown that the treatment can put about one-third of adults with advanced disease — those who have tired all options — into remission.
Yet along with the enthusiasm come pressing questions about safety, cost and the complexity of the procedure.
It involves extracting white blood cells called T cells — the foot soldiers of the immune system — from a patient’s blood, freezing and sending them to Novartis’s sprawling manufacturing plant in Morris Plains, N.J. There, a crippled HIV fragment is used to genetically modify the T cells so they can find and attack the cancer. The cells then are refrozen and sent back to be infused into the patient.
Once inwards the person’s bod, the T-cell army multiplies astronomically.
Novartis hasn’t disclosed the price for its therapy, but analysts are predicting $300,000 to $600,000 for a one-time infusion. Brad Loncar, whose index fund concentrates on cancer immunotherapy treatment, hopes the cost doesn’t prompt a backlash. “CAR-T is not the EpiPen,” he said. “This is truly pushing the envelope and at the cutting edge of science.”
The fattest concerns, however, center on safety. The revved-up immune system becomes a potent cancer-fighting agent but also a dangerous threat to the patient. Serious side effects abound, raising concerns about broad use.
“Treating patients securely is the heart of the rollout,” said Stephan Grupp of the Children’s Hospital of Philadephia, who as director of its Cancer Immunotherapy Program led early pediatric studies as well as Novartis’s global trial. “The efficacy takes care of itself, but safety takes a lot of attention.”
One of the most common side effects is called cytokine release syndrome, which causes high fever and flulike symptoms that in some cases can be so dangerous that the patient finishes up in intensive care. The other major worry is neurotoxicity, which can result in makeshift confusion or potentially fatal brain erection. Juno Therapeutics, a biotech rigid in Seattle, had to shut down one of its CAR T-cell programs because five patients died of brain erection. Novartis has not seen brain full salute in its trials, company officials said.
To attempt to ensure patient safety, Novartis isn’t planning a typical product rollout, with a drug shoved as widely and aggressively as possible. The company instead will designate thirty to thirty five medical centers to administer the treatment. Many of them took part in the clinical trial, and all have gotten extensive training by Grupp and others.
Grupp said he and his staff learned about the side effects of CAR T-cell therapy — and what to do about them — through appalling practice that began five years ago with Emily Whitehead.
The youthfull chick, who had relapsed twice on conventional treatments for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, was in grave condition. Grupp suggested to her parents that she become the very first child to get the experimental therapy.
“I said, ‘Surely, this has been attempted on kids somewhere else in the world,’ ” recalled her father, Thomas Whitehead of Philipsburg, Centre County. “But Steve said, ‘Nope, some adults got it, but that was a different kind of leukemia.’ ”
After getting the therapy, Emily’s fever soared, her blood pressure plummeted, and she ended up in a coma and on a ventilator for two weeks in the hospital’s intensive care unit. Coaxed his patient would not get through another day, a frantic Grupp got rushed lab results that suggested a surge of interleukin six was causing her immune system to continuously hammer her figure. Doctors determined to give Emily an immunosuppressant drug called tocilizumab.
She was dramatically better within hours. She woke up the next day, her seventh bday. Tests showcased her cancer was gone.
The approval of CAR T-cell therapy would represent the 2nd big immunotherapy advance in less than a decade. In 2011, the FDA cleared the very first agent in a fresh class of drugs called checkpoint inhibitors. It has approved four more since then.
There are big differences inbetween the two approaches. The checkpoint inhibitors are targeted at solid tumors, such as advanced melanoma, lung and bladder cancer, while CAR-T cell therapy has been aimed at blood disorders. And albeit checkpoint inhibitors are off the shelf, with every patient getting the same drug, the other is customized to an individual. Many immunotherapy experts think the greatest progress against cancer will occur when researchers figure out how to combine the approaches.
For the Penn team, the CAR T-cell story goes back decades, beginning at the then-National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Md., where June and a postdoc fellow named Bruce Levine worked on fresh HIV treatments. In the process, they figured out a way to turbocharge T cells to make them more powerful and plentiful.
The pair moved to Philadelphia in one thousand nine hundred ninety nine and dove into cancer research. Two years later, June’s wifey died of ovarian cancer, something he has credited as spurring him to work even firmer in the field. In the years that followed, researchers across the country, including at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in Fresh York and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle racked up an array of tantalizing discoveries involving T cells.
Fast-forward to 2010, when Ludwig, who lives in Bridgeton, N.J., became Penn’s very first patient to receive CAR T-cell therapy. Two other studs got the treatment not long after. One is still in remission; the other relapsed and died.
But after those three patients, the Penn researchers ran out of money for more treatments. To attempt to raise interest and funding, they determined to publish the results of their work. The article that appeared in the Fresh England Journal of Medicine in August two thousand eleven created a “firestorm,” June said — one that brought them fresh resources. David Porter, a Penn oncologist working with June, was on vacation in western Maryland and had to stop at a Kohl’s to buy a dress T-shirt for the instantaneous TV interviews.
The pediatric trial opened the following spring with Whitehead. Six months later, Penn licensed its technology to Novartis in exchange for financial support, which included a fresh cell-manufacturing facility on campus.
With FDA approval seeming imminent, the researchers who were so instrumental in the therapy’s development and testing are almost giddy. Grupp is especially pleased that the advance will be available very first to children. “Usually, everything is developed very first for adults,” he noted recently, “and children are an afterthought.”